Published Research and Analysis Funded by the Center for Institutional Courage

Selected Peer-Reviewed Research Reports by Courage Team

Adams-Clark, A. A., Barnes, M. L., Lind, M. N., Smidt, A. M., & Freyd, J. J. (in press). Institutional courage attenuates the association between institutional betrayal and trauma symptoms among campus sexual assault survivors, Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. doi: 10.1037/tra0001812. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 39636591.

Adams-Clark, A.A., Harsey, S., & Freyd, J. J. (in press). Factors of institutional betrayal associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms and barriers to service use among campus sexual assault survivors. Psychological Law and Injury.

Smidt, A.M., Adams-Clark, A.A., & Freyd, J.J. (2023). Institutional courage buffers against institutional betrayal, protects employee health, and fosters organizational commitment following workplace sexual harassment, PLOS ONE 18(1): e0278830. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278830

Gómez, J. M., & Gobin, R. L. (2024). “It will always feel worse because it comes with that added ‘betrayal’”: Intersectionality praxis and Black young women survivors’ perspectives on cultural betrayal trauma theory. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 25(5), 656-673. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2024.2383197

Gómez, J. M. (2022). Campus sexual harassment, other violence, and racism, oh my! Evidence from Black women undergraduates for a culturally competent university approach to Title IX. Feminist Criminology, 17(3), 368-383.   https://doi.org/10.1177/15570851211062574

Harsey SJ, Adams-Clark AA, Freyd JJ (2024) Associations between defensive victim-blaming responses (DARVO), rape myth acceptance, and sexual harassment. PLoS ONE 19(12): e0313642. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0313642

Harsey, S. & Freyd, J.J. (2023). The Influence of Deny, Attack, Reverse Victim and Offender and Insincere Apologies on Perceptions of Sexual Assault. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. Vol. 38(17-18) 9985-10008 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231169751

Bloom, B. E., & Gómez, J. M. (2024). Barriers to help-seeking among Black American young adults: Exploring the roles of sexual violence victimization, intersectional oppression, and perceived burdensomeness. Advanced online publication. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2024.2407768

Gómez, J. M., & Partridge, T. (2024). But is it okay? The need to still ask Black/African American mothers about violence exposure during the COVID-19 worldwide pandemic. Global Journal of Community Psychology Practice, 14(3), 1-21. Preprint. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/pa6ek

Noll, L., Harsey, S. J., & Freyd, J. J. (2022). Assessment of attitudes toward Internet pornography in emerging adults using the Internet Pornography Questionnaire. Computers in Human Behavior, 131, Article 107231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107231 

Adams-Clark, A. A., Barnes, M. L., Lind, M. N., Smidt, A. M., & Freyd, J. J. (in press). Institutional courage attenuates the association between institutional betrayal and trauma symptoms among campus sexual assault survivors, Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. doi: 10.1037/tra0001812. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 39636591.

Adams-Clark, A.A., Harsey, S., & Freyd, J. J. (in press). Factors of institutional betrayal associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms and barriers to service use among campus sexual assault survivors. Psychological Law and Injury.

Smidt, A.M., Adams-Clark, A.A., & Freyd, J.J. (2023). Institutional courage buffers against institutional betrayal, protects employee health, and fosters organizational commitment following workplace sexual harassment, PLOS ONE 18(1): e0278830. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278830

Gómez, J. M., & Gobin, R. L. (2024). “It will always feel worse because it comes with that added ‘betrayal’”: Intersectionality praxis and Black young women survivors’ perspectives on cultural betrayal trauma theory. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 25(5), 656-673. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2024.2383197

Gómez, J. M. (2022). Campus sexual harassment, other violence, and racism, oh my! Evidence from Black women undergraduates for a culturally competent university approach to Title IX. Feminist Criminology, 17(3), 368-383.   https://doi.org/10.1177/15570851211062574

Harsey SJ, Adams-Clark AA, Freyd JJ (2024) Associations between defensive victim-blaming responses (DARVO), rape myth acceptance, and sexual harassment. PLoS ONE 19(12): e0313642. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0313642

Harsey, S. & Freyd, J.J. (2023). The Influence of Deny, Attack, Reverse Victim and Offender and Insincere Apologies on Perceptions of Sexual Assault. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. Vol. 38(17-18) 9985-10008 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231169751

Bloom, B. E., & Gómez, J. M. (2024). Barriers to help-seeking among Black American young adults: Exploring the roles of sexual violence victimization, intersectional oppression, and perceived burdensomeness. Advanced online publication. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2024.2407768

Gómez, J. M., & Partridge, T. (2024). But is it okay? The need to still ask Black/African American mothers about violence exposure during the COVID-19 worldwide pandemic. Global Journal of Community Psychology Practice, 14(3), 1-21. Preprint. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/pa6ek

Noll, L., Harsey, S. J., & Freyd, J. J. (2022). Assessment of attitudes toward Internet pornography in emerging adults using the Internet Pornography Questionnaire. Computers in Human Behavior, 131, Article 107231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107231 

Selected Published Analysis from Courage Team

Institutional Betrayal and Courage:

Gómez, J. M. (2023). When enough became too much: Institutional betrayal, resignation, & institutional courage for change. ADVANCE Journal [Special Issue: Academic Trauma and Institutional Betrayal], 4(1), 1-18. https://www.advancejournal.org/article/88036

Gomez, J.M, Freyd, J.J., Delva, J, Tracy, B., Mackenzie, L.N., Ray, V., & Weathington, B. (2023). Institutional Courage in Action: Racism, Sexual Violence, and Concrete Institutional Change [Editorial]. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 24, 157-170, DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2023.2168245

Harsey, S. & Freyd, J.J. (2023). Former MSU football coach Mel Tucker uses toxic tactic to defend himself, USA Today, 13 October 2023. 

Lewis, R.E., Smith, D.G., Jain, S., Johnson, W.B., & Freyd, J.J. (2022) Who's Really the Victim Here? It's time to end DARVO behavior in the healthcare workplace, MedPage Today, 2 June 2022.

Harsey, S. & Freyd, J.J. (2022) Defamation and DARVO [Editorial]. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 23, 481-489, DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2022.2111510

Gómez, J. M., Gobin, R. L., & Barnes, M. (2021). Discrimination, violence, and healing within marginalized communities. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 22(2), 135-140. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2021.1869059

Harsey, S. & Freyd, J.J. (2022) Deny, Attack, Blame: The Prosecution of Women Reporting Rape, MsMagazine.com, 28 November 2022.

Published Peer-Reviewed Research Funded by Courage Grants

Freetly Porter, E., Mendoza, M., Deng, M., Horwitz, S., Soltys, M., & Hattery, A. (2024). Institutional Betrayal and Race in the Civil Legal System: A Latent Class Analysis with Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence. Race and Justice. DOI:10.1177/21533687241277254

Freetly Porter, E., Mendoza, M., Deng, M., Kiss., Mirance, K., Foltz, K., & Hattery, A. (2024). Institutional Betrayal in the Criminal and Civil Legal Systems: Exploratory Factor Analysis with a Sample of Black and Hispanic Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence. Journal of interpersonal violence. DOI:10.1177/08862605241253030

Gallo, M.L., Hammond, M.A., Luther, S., Rodriguez, G., Sinclair, J., Nese, R. N.T., McWhirter Boisen, M.R., Steffes, S., Muruthi, J.R., Seeley, J.R. (in press). Institutional Betrayal and Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors: A Retrospective Examination of LGBTQ School Experiences. Journal of Applied Research on Children: Informing Policy for Children at Risk.

Coe, K., Melton, H. C., Linder, C., Richards, J. L., Hills, W., & Moore, A. (2024). College students’ perceptions of a Clery timely warning about sexual assault. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice. Online first. https://doi.org/10.1080/19496591.2024.2420125

Linder, C., Melton, H., Hills, W., Coe, K., Richards, J., & Moore, A. (2024). Exploring the impact of Clery sexual assault warnings on a campus community. Journal of Higher Education. Online first. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2024.2378639

Viveiros, N. M., Torres, G., & Hutchison, E.  “Legislation Isn’t All That Negatively Impacts DEI practitioners,” Inside Higher Ed (16 August 2024) https://www.insidehighered.com/opinion/career-advice/conditionally-accepted/2024/08/16/challenges-dei-practitioners-experience#

Conference Presentations of Research Funded by Courage Grants

Lai, J., Park, E., Nguyen, G., Dou, S., Massey, A., Logan, M., & Wagman, J. (2024). Navigating Silence and Barriers: Understanding the Impact of Family Collectivism, Cultural Complexities, and Microaggressions on API Student Survivors’ Experiences of Sexual Violence and Harassment. Oral Presentation. Sexual Violence Research Initiative (SVRI) Forums.

Bentacourt, S., Lai, J., Lee, J., Park, E., & Wagman, J. (2024). Policy Brief Presentation: API College Students at the Intersection of Sexual Violence and Anti-Asian Racism. Oral Presentation. AAPI Data Summit.

Park, E., Lai, J., Lee, J., Gandhi, R., Logan, M., Massey, A., & Wagman, J. (2024). Impact of gendered and racialized microaggressions on mental healthoutcomes among Asian and Pacific Islander female collegestudents who have experienced sexual violence. Oral Presentation, APHA 2024 Annual Meeting and Expo.

Lai, J., Park, E., Lee, J., Gandhi, R., Logan, M., Massey, A., & Wagman, J. (2025). Understanding Sexual Violence and Harassment Experiences Among Asian Female Students: A Qualitative Study at University of California. Oral Presentation, SSWR Annual Conference.

Feng, R., Li, Z., Soltys, M, & Freetly Porter, E. (August, 2024). International Students Experiences of Gender-Based. Violence and Institutional Betrayal [Poster Presentation]. APA 2024, Seattle, WA, United States.

Linder, C. (2024). Understanding the impact of a Clery timely warning on a campus community. Research presented at the Utah Clery Compliance Officers Symposium. Salt Lake City, UT.

Viveiros, N., Torres, M.G., & Hutchison, E. (2025). “When University Non-Discrimination Practitioners are the Target Of Harassment.” Presented to the Higher Education Recruitment Consortium (HERC).

Warner, M. (2023). The Role of Birth Plans in Shaping Birth and Birth Inequality. Medical Sociology Section Paper Presentation on “Reproductive Justice, Health, and Healthcare” at The Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association.